The function of biodiversity in the ecology of vector-borne zoonotic diseases

نویسندگان

  • Richard S. Ostfeld
  • Felicia Keesing
چکیده

This is a critical evaluation of the influence of species diversity within communities of vertebrates on the risk of human exposure to vector-borne zoonoses. Vertebrates serve as natural reservoirs of many disease agents (viral, bacterial, protozoal) that are transmitted to humans by blood-feeding arthropod vectors. We describe the natural history of the Lyme disease zoonosis to illustrate interactions among pathogens, vectors, vertebrate hosts, and risk to humans. We then describe how the presence of a diverse assemblage of vertebrates can dilute the impact of the principal reservoir (the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus) of Lyme disease spirochetes (Borrelia burgdorferi), thereby reducing the disease risk to humans. Exploring the logic of what we call the dilution effect reveals four conditions that are necessary for it to apply generally to vector-borne zoonoses: (1) the feeding habits of the vector are generalized; (2) the pathogen is acquired by the vector from hosts (as opposed to exclusively transovarial transmission); (3) reservoir competence (the ability of a particular host species to infect a vector) varies among host species; and (4) the most competent reservoir host tends to be a community dominant, as defined by the proportion of the tick population fed by that species. When these conditions are met, vertebrate communities with high species diversity will contain a greater proportion of incompetent reservoir hosts that deflect vector meals away from the most competent reservoirs, thereby reducing infection prevalence and disease risk. Incorporating the likelihood that the abundance of competent reservoirs is reduced in more diverse communities, owing to the presence of predators and competitors, reinforces the impact of the dilution effect on the density of infected vectors. A review of the literature reveals the generality, though not the universality, of these conditions, which suggests that the effects of diversity on disease risk may be widespread. Issues in need of further exploration include (i) the relative importance of diversity per se versus fluctuating numbers of particular species; (ii) the relevance of species richness versus evenness to the dilution effect; (iii) whether the dilution effect operates at both local and regional scales; and (iv) the shape of empirically determined curves relating diversity to measures of disease risk. Further studies linking community ecology with epidemiology are warranted. 2078 Résumé : On trouvera ici une évaluation critique de l’influence de la diversité des espèces des communautés de vertébrés sur les risques, pour les humains, d’une exposition à des zoonoses transmises par des vecteurs. Les vertébrés sont les réservoirs naturels de plusieurs vecteurs de maladie (virus, bactéries, protozoaires) transmis aux humains par des arthropodes hématophages. Nous décrivons ici l’histoire naturelle de la zoonose de la maladie de Lyme pour illustrer les interactions entre les pathogènes, les vecteurs, les vertébrés hôtes et les risques pour les huma ins. Nous poursuivons en expliquant comment la présence d’un groupe diversifié de vertébrés peut diluer l’impact du réservoir principal (la Souris à pattes blanches, Peromyscus leucopus) des spirochètes associés à la maladie de Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi), diminuant par le fait même les risques de transmission de la maladie aux humains. La logique qui sous-tend l’effet de dilution a permis de reconnaître quatre conditions nécessaires pour que cet effet s’applique de façon générale aux zoonoses transmises par des vecteurs : (1) les vecteurs ont des habitudes alimentaires généralistes, (2) le pathogène passe de l’hôte au vecteur par transmission active (par opposition à la transmission exclusivement trans-ovarienne), (3) l’aptitude à servir de réservoir varie d’une espèce d’hôte à l’autre et (4) l’espèce hôte la plus apte à servir de réservoir a tendance à être l’espèce dominante de la communauté, telle que définie par la proportion de la population de tiques nourrie à même cette espèce. Lorsque ces conditions sont remplies, les communautés de vertébrés très diversifiées contiennent une plus grande proportion d’hôtes réservoirs inaptes qui font dévier les vecteurs loin des espèces réservoirs plus appropriées, ce qui limite la prévalence des infections et les risques de maladie. En tenant compte de la probabilité que l’abondance des réservoirs appropriés soit réduite dans les communautés plus diversifiées à cause de la présence de prédateurs et de compétiteurs, on augmente l’impact de l’effet de dilution sur la densité des vecteurs infectés. Une revue de la littérature met en lumière la généralité, sinon l’universalité, de ces conditions, ce qui semble Can. J. Zool. 78: 2061–2078 (2000) © 2000 NRC Canada 2061 Received June 19, 2000. Accepted September 21, 2000. R.S. Ostfeld.1 Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, 65 Sharon Turnpike, Millbrook, NY 12545, U.S.A. F. Keesing. Department of Biology, Bard College, Annandale, NY 12504, U.S.A. 1Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed (e-mail: [email protected]). J:\cjz\cjz78\cjz-12\Z00-172.vp Tuesday, November 14, 2000 11:26:38 AM Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen

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تاریخ انتشار 2000